4D-printed dynamic materials in biomedical applications: chemistry, challenges, and their future perspectives in the clinical sector. Zhou W, Qiao Z, Nazarzadeh Zare E, Huang J, Zheng X, Sun X, et al. 3D bioprinting in regenerative engineering: principles and applications. 3D/4D-printed bending-type soft pneumatic actuators: fabrication, modelling, and control. Zolfagharian A, Mahmud MAP, Gharaie S, Bodaghi M, Kouzani AZ, Kaynak A. Spiegel CA, Hippler M, Münchinger A, Bastmeyer M, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M, et al. Kumar SB, Jeevamalar J, Ramu P, Suresh G, Senthilnathan K. The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering. Gao W, Zhang Y, Ramanujan D, Ramani K, Chen Y, Williams CB, et al. 4D printing of materials for the future: opportunities and challenges. Joshi S, Rawat K, Karunakaran C, Rajamohan V, Mathew AT, Koziol K, et al. 4D printing and stimuli-responsive materials in biomedical aspects. Lui YS, Sow WT, Tan LP, Wu Y, Lai Y, Li H. Finally, potential applications of 4D printing in the biomedical sector are also discussed with challenges and future perspectives. In addition, this review highlights material aspects, specifically related to shape-memory polymers, stimuli-responsive materials (classified as physical, chemical, and biological), and modified materials, the backbone of 4D printing technology. It also discusses the time-dependent behavior of stimulus-sensitive compounds, which are widely used in 4D printing. The current review mainly focuses on the basics of 4D printing and the methods used therein. Tissue engineering, medicinal, consumer items, aerospace, and organ engineering use 4D printing technology. The 4D printing paradigm, a revolutionary enhancement of 3D printing, was anticipated by various engineering disciplines. The 4D printing is suitable with current progress in smart compounds, printers, and its mechanism of action. 4D printing allows highly controlled shapes to simulate the physiological milieu by adding time dimensions. The printing of smart substances that respond to external stimuli is known as 4D printing. Using only water, heat, light or other simple energy input, this technique offers adaptability and dynamic response for structures and systems of all sizes.The advancement of four-dimensional (4D) printing has been fueled by the rise in demand for additive manufacturing and the expansion in shape-memory materials. With a single multi-material print, a product or mechanism can transform from any 1D strand into 3D shape, 2D surface into 3D shape or morph from one 3D shape into another. Potential applications include robotics-like behavior without the reliance on complex electro-mechanical devices as well as adaptive products, garments or mechanisms that respond to user-demands and fluctuating environments. This technique offers a streamlined path from idea to full functionality built directly into the materials, including actuation, sensing and material logic. 4D Printing entails multi-material prints utilizing the Stratasys Connex printer with the added capability of shape-transformation from one state to another, directly off the print-bed. & Autodesk inc.ĤD Printing, developed as a collaboration between the Self-Assembly Lab, Stratasys and Autodesk, is a new process for printing customizable smart materials.
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